普通車床的數控改造

機械論文編號:JX331  所有圖紙,任務書.論文字數:36751.頁數:80
目      錄

第一章概述 ....................................................1
1.O 引言 .......................................................1
1.1 經濟型數控改造的實際意義 ...................................1
1.1.1 技術分析 .................................................1
1.1.2 經濟分析 .................................................1
1.1.3 市場分析 .................................................2
1.1.4 生產分析 .................................................2
1.1.5 綜合分析 .................................................2
1.2 數控機床的基本結構及工作原理............................... 2
1.3數控機床的分類.............................................. 4
1.3.1 按加工工藝方法分類....................................... 4
1.3.2 按控制運動的方式分類 .....................................4
1.3.3 按驅動裝置的特點分類 .....................................4
1.4 數控機床的特點及應用范圍 ...................................6
1.4.1 數控機床的加工特點....................................... 6
1.4.2數控機床的應用范圍 ........................................7
第二章經濟型車床數控改造總體方案的確定 ........................8
2.1設計任務.................................................... 8
2.2總體數控改造方案設計........................................ 8
第三章主傳動系統設計 ...........................................10
3.1概述 ........................................................10
3.1.1數控機床主傳動系統的特點.................................. 10
3.2主傳動系統的配置方式 ........................................11
3.2.1 主傳動系統的主軸電動機的選型 .............................11
3.2.2交流主軸電機的調速........................................ 12
3.2.3分級變速齒輪箱的傳動系統設計 ..............................13
3.2.4主傳動系統組件的結構形式 ..................................17
第四章伺服進給系統的結構設計與計算............................. 19
4.1伺服進給傳動系統概述 ........................................19
4.2步進電動機及開環進給控制.................................... 20
4.2.1步進電動機的驅動控制...................................... 20
4.2.2、步進電機的驅動放大電路.................................. 23
4.2.3步進電動機參數說明 ........................................26
4.3縱向進給系統的設計計算 ......................................27
4.3.1 設計參數................................................. 27
4.3.2縱向進給切削力的確定...................................... 28
4.3.3 縱向進給滾珠絲杠螺母副的計算和選型....................... 28
4.3.4縱向進給減速齒輪的設計與校核.............................. 31
4.3.5縱向進給步進電動機的計算和選型 ............................32
4.4橫向進給系統的設計計算 ......................................35
4.4.1橫向進給切削力的確定 ......................................35
4.4.2橫向進給切削力的確定 ......................................35
4.4.3 橫向進給滾珠絲杠螺母副的計算和選型 .......................35
4.4.4橫向進給減速齒輪的設計與校核.............................. 37
4.4.5橫向進給步進電動機的計算和選型 ............................40
4.5 滾珠絲杠的安裝............................................. 42
4.5.1滾珠絲杠的安裝形式 ........................................42
4.5.2滾珠絲杠軸承的校核 ........................................43
4.5.3消除齒輪間隙的措施： ......................................46
第五章自動回轉刀架的設計 .......................................48
5.1自動回轉刀架主要類型及特點 ..................................48
5.2自動回轉刀架的設計計算 ......................................48
5.2.1自動回轉刀架步進電動機的選用 ..............................49
5.2.2自動回轉刀架的蝸輪蝸桿設計計算 ............................49
第六章電動尾座的設計........................................... 53
6.1設計方案 ....................................................53
6.2電動尾座改造部分設計計算.................................... 53
6.2.1電動尾座驅動電動機的選擇 ..................................53
6.2.2電動尾座用的齒輪設計 ......................................53
第七章主軸編碼器的設計......................................... 56
7．1編碼器工作原理............................................. 56
7．2主軸編碼器的安裝........................................... 57
第八章數控車床數控系統設計 .....................................58
8.1概述................................................. .......58
8.2 計算機數控（CNC）系統的簡.................................. 59
8.2.1概述...................................................... 59
8.2.2微處理器數控（MNC）系統的組成 .............................60
8.3 CNC系統的硬件結構.......................................... 62
8.3.1 單微處理機與多微處理機結構 ...............................62
8.3.2大板式結構與功能模塊式結構 ................................63
8.4 CNC系統的軟件.............................................. 64
8.4.1 CNC系統軟件的組成與功能.................................. 64
8.4.2 CNC系統軟件的特點和結構 ..................................67
8.4.3.CNC系統軟件結構的分類.................................... 69
8.5CNC系統的工作過程 ...........................................70
8.5.1  CNC系統的數據段歷程..................................... 70
8.5.2 CNC系統自動工作時的總體流程 ..............................70
8.6 運動軌跡的插補原理 .........................................71
8.6.1 運動軌跡插補的概念 .......................................71
8.6.2 運動軌跡插補的方法 .......................................72
8.6.3 逐點比較法............................................... 72
結論........................................................... 79
參考文獻....................................................... 80
致謝........................................................... 81

摘    要

      數控機床在機械制造業中發揮著巨大的作用，但數控機床一次性投資較大，對機床進行數控化改造不失為一良策。本設計利用數控裝置對CA6140普通車床進行控制,主傳動系統部分采用交流調頻主軸電動機經帶輪及分級齒輪變速箱驅動主軸，通過變頻器和齒輪變速箱實現分段無級變速；進給系統采用步進電機通過減速后驅動滾珠絲杠運動，在縱向進給系統中通過一級齒輪減速后驅動滾珠絲杠，在橫向進給系統中通過二級齒輪減速驅動滾珠絲杠；刀架改為自動轉位刀架(四工位)從而實現自動換刀；通過MCS-51系列8051單片機對數據進行計算處理，由I/O接口輸出步進脈沖信號控制進給速度和行程；為了保持切削螺紋的功能，要在主軸外端或其它適當部位裝上脈沖發生器；將車床的手動尾座改造成為可控電動尾座。
本次設計的數控改造為經濟適用型，改造簡單易行，可降低勞動強度，提高生產效率。主要介紹了經濟型數控機床進給伺服系統設計計算。闡述了CA6140普通數控車床的主軸系統的改進及機床縱向、橫向進給系統的改造設計及計算。

關鍵詞： CA6140車床；數控改造；滾珠絲杠；步進電動機

ABSTRACT

  The NC machine plays a very great role in mechanical engineering．Although the investment needs a great deal of money，it is a good way to try digital modification for ordinary lathe.The spindle speed of CA6140 remains the manual function of shifting gears．The alteration is easy and it can reduce labor intensity
and improve productive efficiency． but the NC Machine larger one-time investment, NC machine tools for the transformation of a good after all. The design of the device using NC Lathe CA6140 control, part of the main transmission system using AC spindle motor  and graded by the pulley driven spindle gearbox, through the inverter and gearbox to achieve sub; Feed System used by stepper motor driven ball screw slowdown after campaign vertical feed system through a gear after the ball screw drive, in the horizontal feed system through two gear-driven ball screw; Tool to automatically transfer tool carrier (4-position), thus achieving automatic tool change; by MCS-51 series 8051 data to be dealt with. from the I / O interface stepper pulse output signal to control the feed rate and itineraries; In order to maintain the function of cutting thread, to the outer end of spindle or other appropriate location loaded pulse generator; Lathe will be transformed into Tailstock manually controlled electric Tailstock. The design of the NC transformation of the economy - the application, transforming simple, can reduce labor intensity, improve production efficiency. Introduced a major economic NC machine tool servo system design. Expounded the CA6140 ordinary NC lathe spindle system improvements and vertical machine, horizontal feed system of the design and calculation.

Keywords：CA6140 lathe；digital modification；ball screw；stepping motor