基于單片機步進電機控制系統設計

電子機電論文編號:JD123   字數:14604,頁數:38

目錄
1  緒論......................................................................1
1.1 提出問題并確定設計方案...................................................1
1.1.1 問題的提出.............................................................1
1.1.2 明確課題任務...........................................................1
1.1.3 確定設計方案...........................................................1
1.2 研究內容和方法...........................................................2
    1.2.1 研究內容...........................................................3
    1.2.2 研究方法...........................................................3
  1.3 本課題研究的意義.......................................................4
2  控制系統硬件電路的設計....................................................5
2.1 單片機最小應用系統設計...................................................5
2.1.1 8051單片機簡介.........................................................6
2.1.2 時鐘電路設計...........................................................7
2.1.3 復位電路設計...........................................................8
2.2 鍵盤和顯示部分設計.......................................................9
2.2.1 8255A簡介.............................................................10
2.2.2 顯示電路簡介..........................................................12
2.2.3 74LS138和74LS373簡介..................................................13
2.2.4 鍵盤顯示接口設計......................................................14
2.3 步進電機控制系統設計....................................................15
    2.3.1 脈沖分配器PMM8713簡介.............................................15
    2.3.2 功率放大電路設計..................................................17
2.4 光電耦合電路設計........................................................18
  2.5 步進電動機概述........................................................19
    2.5.1 步進電機結構和原理................................................19
   2.5.2 步進電機的控制方法.................................................20
2.5.3 步進電機的矩頻特性....................................................21
2.5.4 步進電機的啟動........................................................22
  2.6 電源電路設計..........................................................23
  2.7 單片機對步進電機的控制原理............................................25
3  控制系統軟件設計.........................................................26
3.1 程序流程圖..............................................................26
3.1.1 正反轉控制程序流程圖..................................................26
    3.1.2 加減速控制程序流程圖..............................................27
    3.1.3 鍵輸入程序流程圖..................................................28
3.2 程序設計................................................................29
    3.2.1 主程序設計........................................................29
    3.2.2 步進電機驅動子程序設計............................................29
4  控制系統可靠性設計.......................................................33
  4.1 抗干擾措施設計........................................................33
4.1.1 硬件抗干擾措施........................................................33
    4.1.2 軟件抗干擾措施....................................................34
5  結論.....................................................................36
     致謝...................................................................37
參考文獻 ...................................................................38

摘要
單片機對步進電機的控制有串行控制和并行控制兩種方式。本設計采用的是串行控制方式，此方式下單片機控制系統與步進電機驅動器之間只有兩條控制線。一條發出時鐘脈沖信號來控制步進電機的轉速；另一條發出轉向信號控制步進電機的轉向。這兩個信號都是送入步進電機驅動器的輸入端，驅動器中含有環行分配器，對步進電機勵磁方式的控制和控制脈沖的分配都是由環行分配器來完成的。由于單片機控制系統與驅動器之間只有兩條控制線，從而使系統結構大為簡化。控制系統按速度控制的要求從時鐘脈沖控制線發出相應的控制脈沖即可對步進電機的轉速進行控制。當需要恒速運行時，就發出恒定頻率的控制脈沖；當需要加速運行時，就發出頻率遞增的控制脈沖；當需要減速運行時，就發出頻率遞減的控制脈沖；當需要鎖定狀態時，只需要停止發脈沖并通入直流電就可以了。因此，可以方便地對電動機的轉速進行控制。轉向控制線可實現對步進電機轉向的控制，當輸出高電平“1”時，環行分配器按正方向進行脈沖分配，步進電機正向旋轉；當輸出低電平“0”時，環行分配器按反方向進行脈沖分配，步進電機反方向旋轉。

關鍵詞：單片機系統；控制；步進電機；環行分配器

Abstract
Series control and parallel control are two modes of controlling step motors by single chip microcomputer. The design adopts serial control mode, in this case there are only two controlling lines between the single chip microcomputer system and the driver of the step motor .One is used to give out clock pulse to control the velocity, another is used to give out directional signal to control the direction. The two signals are all sent to the input of the driver of the step motor, which includes the ring dividing driver .Because of this, the system has a very simple structure. According to the demand of  controlling speed, the system give out corresponding clock pulse to control the speed of the motor through the clock pulse. when constant speed is needed, constant clock pulse is gave out; when adding speed is needed, adding clock pulse is gave out; when reducing speed is needed, reducing clock pulse is gave out; When the lock-in state is needed, direct current is needed instead of the pulse. so the speed control of the step motor is very easy. The direction control line is used to control the direction of the step motor. when the voltage is “1”, the ring dividing driver shares the pulses according to the right direction, the step motor runs in the right direction. When the voltage is “0”, the ring dividing driver shares the pulses according to the revert direction, the step motor runs in revert direction. 
Keywords: Single chip microcomputer system; Control; Step motor; Ring distributing driver