論西方平等觀念的確立及其影響

法律論文編號:FG031  包括:開題報告,中英文摘要,論文,目錄,文獻綜述,任務書,答辯,中期檢查表,等     論文字數:13551,頁數:17

目        錄
摘  要    ……………………………………………………………Ⅰ
ABSTRACT    …………………………………………………………Ⅱ
前  言   ………………………………………………………………1
一、西方平等觀念的提出  ……………………………………………1
（一）西方平等觀念源于古希臘  ……………………………………1
1.智者派首先提出了平等    …………………………………………1
2.柏拉圖的性別平等    ……………………………………………2
3.亞里斯多德明確提出了平等思想    ………………………………2
4.斯多葛學派從自然法的角度闡述了平等的涵義    ………………………3
（二）古希臘平等觀產生的原因  ………………………………………3
二、西方平等觀念的普及  …………………………………………4
（一）西方平等觀念在古羅馬時期得以普及   ………………………4
1. 西塞羅的法律思想中蘊含著豐富的平等思想   …………………………………4
2. 羅馬法對平等觀念的普及作用   …………………………………………………5
3. 西羅馬的滅亡使西方平等觀念的發(fā)展陷入了停滯狀態(tài)   ………………………5
4. 羅馬時期平等觀產生的原因及其影響   …………………………………………6
（二）平等觀念在中世紀得以恢復與發(fā)展   …………………………7
1. 基督教超驗主義平等觀的產生與發(fā)展   …………………………………………7
2. 羅馬法的復興喚醒了人們對平等的渴望   ………………………………………8
3. 文藝復興時期的人文主義平等觀   ………………………………………………8
三、17、18世紀西方平等觀念的完善與確立時期   ……………9
（一）17、18世紀思想家的思想中蘊含了平等的觀念 ………………9
1.霍布斯從自然狀態(tài)的角度論述了平等    …………………………………………9
2.從洛克開始平等被真正的賦予了每一個人    ……………………………………9
3.孟德斯鳩的平等思想     …………………………………………………………10
4.伏爾泰主張“人人自由，人人平等”  ………………………………………… 10
5.盧梭 ——平等權利的最重要辯護者    …………………………………………10
（二）17、18世紀平等觀念產生的原因   ……………………………11
四、平等對西方資產階級法制的影響——以美國憲法為例 ……12
（一）早期法律文件中的平等思想   …………………………………12
（二）《獨立宣言》  ……………………………………………………13
1.《獨立宣言》對美國的影響   ……………………………………………………13
2.《獨立宣言》中的平等觀念   ……………………………………………………13
（三）1787年美國憲法  ………………………………………………14
結   語    …………………………………………………………15
參考文獻   …………………………………………………………16
致    謝   …………………………………………………………17

摘  要
    平等思想作為構建理想社會的基本價值取向和準則，在人類思想史上源遠流長。西方的平等觀念源于古希臘，當時智者派根據自然法則，首先提出了平等的思想。斯多葛學派也從自然法的角度闡述了平等的涵義。在古羅馬時期睿智的羅馬人有的放矢的繼承了古希臘的法律思想。其中著名的法學家西塞羅就構建了一套理性的蘊含豐富平等觀念的。羅馬法是羅馬奴隸制經濟高度發(fā)達的產物，它的產生成為平等觀念普及不可或缺的重要條件。文藝復興時期，主要強調個人主義、人本主義，宣揚男女平等，人類平等，文藝復興時期的思想為后來的平等觀念奠定了基礎。17、18世紀是西方平等觀念完善與確立的時期。在這一時期的思想家中，霍布斯從自然狀態(tài)的角度論述了平等，從洛克開始平等真正的被賦予了每一個人，孟德斯鳩從民主政治的角度下解釋了平等，伏爾泰主張“人人自由，人人平等”，盧梭則是平等權利的最重要辯護者。最終平等觀念演變成為“法律面前人人平等”被確立為資產階級法制中的一項重要原則，并用憲法的形式確定下來，美國憲法中的平等原則就是最好的證明。至此，平等觀念在西方基本確立并對西方產生了深遠的影響。

[關鍵詞]:平等觀；起源；普及；確立；影響

On  Establishment  and  Affection  of  Western  Idea  of  Equality
Abstract
As the basic value tropism and principle for construction of ideal society, the equality ideology has a long standing in human history. Western idea of equality was born of ancient Greek. At that time, the idea of equality was proposed originally by the Sophists according to the natural law. The meaning of equality was also described by the Stoic school from the point of view of natural law. In ancient Rome the intelligent Roman inherited the legal thought of ancient Greek with a definite object, which famous jurist Cicero has constructed a set of the rational and abundant meanings natural law thought of view of equality. The Roman law was the outcome of highly developed slavery economy of Rome and it has been the indispensable condition for popularization of idea of equality. The thought in the period of the Renaissance which were individualism, humanism , publicizing the idea of equality between the sexes and human equality established the foundation for idea of equality afterwards. During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries were the period of the set-up and improvement of the western idea of equality. In this period, there were many thinkers coming forth, including Hobbes who discussed the equality in natural state; Locke who claimed that everyone was endowed with equality indeed; Montesquieu who explained the equality from the angle of democratic politics; Voltaire who claimed that “freedom for everyone, equality for everyone”; Rousseau who was the most important defender of equal rights. Finally, the idea of equality became the Principle of “equality of all people under law” that has been established as a basic principle of the law of the bourgeoisie and has been determined by the form of constitutional. For example, the principle of equality of American Constitution is the best proof. Till then, the idea of equality has been established basically in western and influenced deeply to the western.

Key words: Conception of Equality; Origination; Popularization; Establishment; Influence