基于PLC電梯曳引系統的設計

論文編號:ZD1442  論文字數:17315,頁數:29

摘要
 隨著城市建設的不斷發展，高層建筑不斷增多，電梯在國民經濟和生活中有著廣泛的應用。電梯作為高層建筑中垂直運行的交通工具已與人們的日常生活密不可分。實際上電梯是根據外部呼叫信號以及自身控制規律等運行的，而呼叫是隨機的，電梯實際上是一個人機交互式的控制系統，單純用順序控制或邏輯控制是不能滿足控制要求的，因此，電梯控制系統采用隨機邏輯方式控制。目前電梯的控制普遍采用了兩種方式，一是采用微機作為信號控制單元，完成電梯信號的采集、運行狀態和功能的設定，實現電梯的自動調度和集選運行功能，拖動控制則由變頻器來完成；第二種控制方式用可編程控制器（PLC）取代微機實現信號集選控制。從控制方式和性能上來說，這兩種方法并沒有太大的區別。國內廠家大多選擇第二種方式，其原因在于生產規模較小，自己設計和制造微機控制裝置成本較高；而PLC可靠性高，程序設計方便靈活，抗干擾能力強、運行穩定可靠等特點，所以現在的電梯控制系統廣泛采用可編程控制器來實現。此外電梯的曳引系統作為動力系統，起著至關重要的作用。在PLC的控制下，曳引系統帶動整個電梯或升或降，使人們的生活更加方便快捷。由于電梯曳引系統時變性、不確定性、高度非線性等特征，指出電梯常用的普通PID控制存在的不足，提出了單神經元自適應PID控制的方法。通過計算機仿真及其在實用電梯上的試驗，結果表明基于單神經元自適應PID控制的方法，對提高電梯速度的跟蹤性能有較好的作用。模型電梯試驗表明這種控制方法結合電路硬件結構的改變，能使電梯的能量減少損耗5%左右。
 

【關鍵詞】 人機交互 變頻器 可編程控制器 微機控制裝置 曳引系統 動力系統

Abstract
 Along with the urban construction unceasing development, the high-rise construction increases unceasingly, the elevator has the widespread application in the national economy and the life.The elevator took in the high-rise construction the vertical movement transportation vehicle already and people's daily life is inseparable.In fact the elevator is according to exterior movements and so on calling signal as well as own control rule, but calls is stochastic, the elevator in fact is a man-machine interactive control system, purely cannot satisfy the control request with the sequential control or the logical control, therefore, the elevator control system uses the stochastic logical way control.At present the elevator control generally has selected two methods, one is uses the microcomputer to take the signal control unit, completes the elevator signal gathering, the running status and the function hypothesis, realizes the elevator automatic scheduling and the collection chooses the movement function, the dragging control to complete by the frequency changer; The second control mode chooses the control with the programmable controller (PLC) substitution microcomputer realization signal collection.From the control mode and the performance, these two method not too big difference.The domestic factory mostly chooses the second way, its reason lies in the scale of production to be small, own design and the manufacture microcomputer control device cost is high; But the
PLC reliability is high, the programming convenience is flexible, antijamming ability strong, movement stable reliable and so on characteristics, therefore the present elevator control system widely uses the programmable controller to realize. In addition the elevator haulage system took the dynamic system, is playing the very important role.Under the PLC control, the haulage system impetus entire elevator either rises or falls, causes people's life to be more convenient quickly.Because time elevator haulage system the denaturation, the uncertainty, characteristics and so on non-linearity, pointed out highly the elevator commonly used ordinary PID control existence the insufficiency, proposed the mononeural originally adapts the PID control method.Through the computer simulation and on the practical elevator experiment, finally indicated originally adapts the PID control method based on the mononeural, to enhances the elevator speed the track performance to have the good function.The model elevator experiment indicated this kind of control method union electric circuit hardware architecture the change, can cause the elevator the energy loss to reduce about 5%.

【Key word】  man-machine interaction frequency changer programmable controller   microcomputer control device    Haulage system    dynamic system
 

 目錄
摘要 3
前言 5
1電梯設備及電梯發展動態 5
1.1電梯設備 5
1.1.1電梯的定義 5
1.1.2電梯的分類 5
1.1.3電梯的主要組成部分 5
1.1.4電梯的安全保護裝置 6
1.2電梯的發展動態 6
2 電梯的PLC系統的設計 7
2.1可編程控制器PLC的選擇 7
2.1.1轎箱樓層位置的檢測方法 7
2.1.2 PLC的選型 7
2.2 PLC控制系統的設計 7
2.2.1PLC控制系統的基本結構圖 7
2.2.2信號控制系統 8
2.3減速及平層控制 10
2.4 PLC及在電梯控制中的特點 11
2.4.1 PLC的特點 11
2.4.2 PLC控制電梯的優點 11
3曳引系統的工作原理與運動分析 12
3.1曳引系統的主要設備與裝置 12
3.1.1曳引機 12
3.1.2曳引輪 13
3.1.3減速器 13
3.1.4聯軸器 13
3.1.5曳引鋼絲繩的標記方法及其性能要求 14
3.2曳引系統的提升原理 14
3.2.1曳引式提升原理 14
3.2.2曳引傳動關系 14
3.2.3曳引系統設計的受力分析 15
3.3電梯的曳引能力 17
3.3.1曳引系數 17
3.3.2曳引輪繩槽與曳引力的關系 18
3.4包角對曳引力的影響及曳引條件 18
3.4.1包角對曳引力的影響 18
3.4.2電梯的曳引條件 19
3.5電梯的最大曳引能力和允許轎廂最小自重 19
3.5.1電梯的最大曳引能力 19
3.5.2轎廂允許的最小自重 19
3.6對重匹配分析 19
4電梯的PLC和曳引系統的匹配特性 19
4.1理想運行曲線的產生 20
4.2速度曲線的產生 20
4.2.1速度曲線產生方法 20
4.2.2加速給定曲線的產生 20
4.2.3減速制動曲線的產生 21
4.3 PLC和曳引系統匹配的設計特點 21
4.3.1 主電路 21
4.3.2 PLC和曳引系統匹配的控制構成 22
4.3.3位移控制電路 23
4.3.4樓層計數 24
4.3.5快速換速 24
4.3.6門區信號 26
4.3.7采用優先隊列級 26
4.3.8 采用先進先出隊列和隨機邏輯控制 27
結論 28
辭謝 29
參考文獻 30