超導電性與超導電子學

應用物理學論文編號:WLX049  字數:12561,頁數:22

目  錄

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
目  錄 iii
第一章   緒論 1
1.1  研究動機與目的 1
1.2  研究背景 1
1.3  論文內容概述 2
第二章 超導體基本性質 3
2.1  零電阻 3
2.2  完全抗磁性——邁斯納效應 5
第三章  約瑟夫森效應 7
3.1  直流約瑟夫森效應 7
3.2  交流約瑟夫森效應 8
3.3  約瑟夫森效應的應用 9
第四章  超導電性微觀理論 10
4.1  倫敦方程 10
4.2  BCS理論 11
第五章 特殊超導體及超導應用 12
5.1  特殊超導體 12
5.1.1  第二類超導體 12
5.1.2  高溫超導體 13
5.2  超導的應用 14
5.2.1  強電應用（超導電性應用） 14
5.2.2  弱電應用（超導電子學應用） 15
第六章  結論 17
致  謝 18
參考文獻 19

摘    要 
 在生物無法生存的低溫世界里，許多物質的性質會發生意想不到的變化，超導性便是其中之一。自從1911年昂納斯發現汞在4.2K附近電阻突然消失以來，研究人員開拓了一個新的超導物理領域。超導體具有極為豐富而奇特的物理化學特性，如直流電阻為零、完全抗磁性和超導隧道效應（即約瑟夫遜效應）等，但直到50年代，超導都只是作為探索自然界存在的現象和規律在研究，1957年BCS理論的建立才揭示了一直不為人知的超導機理。1962約瑟夫森效應的出現，更是將超導應用推廣到了一個嶄新的領域。70年代超導在電力工業和微弱檢測應用方面的進展顯示了它無比的優越性，如利用超導材料成功地獲得了17.5T的高磁場，從而使電能輸送、磁流體發電、超導磁懸浮列車等方面的研究、試制不斷推進；用約瑟夫森效應做出的超導量子干涉器可分辯10-15T磁場，它立即應用到國防、探礦、地震預報、生物磁學等方面。但由于超導臨界溫度低，大大地限制了它的優越性,于是人們漸漸把注意力轉向了高溫超導。本文主要梳理了超導的研究發展歷史，并跟蹤了當今超導的研究及應用。
 
關鍵詞：零電阻 完全抗磁性 約瑟夫森效應 BCS理論

Abstract
 In the cold world where biology can not survive, A lots of properties of substance will have unexpected changes. One of them is the Superconductivity. In 1911, Onnes found the resistance of Hg suddenly disappeared when the temperature was close to 4.2K. A new field of superconductivity began. Superconductivity have a very rich and unique physical and chemical feature, such as the zero DC resistance, Meissner effect and superconducting tunnel effect (Josephson effect). In 50 years, superconductivity is just studied as the phenomena and laws of nature. The reason of superconductivity which was unclear in a long time was revealed until the theory of BCS, which was set up in 1957. Josephson effect, which found in 1962, put the superconductivity to a new field again. In 70 years, superconductivity shows its incomparable advantages in the area of power industry and weak detection. For example, make use of superconductivity to obtain a high magnetic field about 17.5T, make further research, such as Power transmission, MHD power generation and superconducting Maglev, The superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) made by Josephson effect can differentiate the magnetic field intensity about 10-15T, and it is applied in national defense, exploration, earthquake prediction, biological magnetic. But the superiority of superconductivity is limited on account of its low superconducting critical temperature. Scientists begin to pay attention to high temperature superconductor slowly. This article arranges the history of superconductivity research and development, and tracks the research and application of superconductivity.

Keywords: zero resistance  Totally anti-magnetic  Josephson effect  theory of BCS