ZigBee無線網絡和GPRS蜂窩網絡混合組網的無線自動抄表系統

論文編號:ZD1168   論文字數:27690,頁數:50

摘  要
 一方面，我國電力事業迅速發展，供電企業和用戶都迫切需要現代化管理手段的介入，另一方面，計算機技術和通信技術不斷成熟和進步。在技術和管理兩方面亟待改革的迫切需求下，各種自動抄表技術逐漸發展起來。目前比較流行的自動抄表方式有IC卡預付費方式、電力線載波方式、GPRS蜂窩網絡方式等，但是各種方式都存在一定的缺點，而沒有大范圍的推廣。
 本文提出一種由ZigBee無線網絡和GPRS蜂窩網絡混合組網的無線自動抄表系統設計方案，實現了以最低的組網、運行成本安全可靠的抄取用戶的用電數據。ZigBee是一種新興的近距離、低功耗、低速率、低成本的無線網絡技術，適用于通信數據量不大，數據傳輸速率相對較低，分布范圍較小但節點較多，對數據的安全可靠有一定要求，而且成本和功耗都非常低的場合。GPRS是在現有GSM網絡基礎上疊加的一個專為高速數據通信而設計的新網絡。用戶使用GPRS實現數據的分組發送和接收，具有實時在線、按流量計費、快捷登錄、高速傳輸、自如切換等優點，能迅速降低服務成本、提高服務質量。
 采集終端是本自動抄表系統的硬件核心，它是基于MSP430F149單片機的嵌入式數據處理、收發系統，通過CC2430芯片與集中器通信，通過RS-485總線與電能表通信。MSP430F149單片機是德州儀器推出的一款16位超低功耗RISC結構的混合信號處理器，它具有豐富的片內設備和超低的功耗。CC2430芯片是Chipcon公司生產的符合ZigBee技術規范的2.4GHz射頻系統單芯片，它只需要很少的外圍部件配合就能實現信號的收發功能。
 本文主要論述了采集終端的設計過程。通過對采集終端的功能分析，首先確定其主要由核心處理器、日歷時鐘電路、存儲器電路、RS-485接口電路、無線通信電路等幾部分組成，然后進行各部分電路的器件選型并做出采集終端的原理圖和PCB版圖。在采集終端的軟件設計部分主要介紹了跟電能表和CC2430的通信協議和實現過程。由于MSP430F149單片機不具有IIC總線接口，本文給出了一種軟件模擬IIC接口方案，實現跟存儲器芯片和時鐘日歷芯片的通信。
 本文還簡單介紹了集中器和管理軟件的設計過程，最后給出了改進本自動抄表系統的一些方向。
 
關鍵詞：自動抄表系統，ZigBee，采集終端，MSP430F149，CC2430
Abstract
 On the one hand, because of the rapid development of Chinese power industry, power supply enterprises and users are urgently needed in modern management method, on the other hand, the computer technology and communication technology continues to mature and progress. In the two aspects of technology and management to the urgent needs of reform, the various automatic meter reading technology gradually developed. Currently popular automatic meter reading methods have IC card prepayment way, power line carrie way, GPRS cellular network way and so on. Each way has certain shortcoming, but does not have the wide range promotion.
 This paper presents a scheme for wireless automatic meter reading system design by ZigBee wireless network and GPRS cellular networks, in order to copy user’s data safely with lowest cost. ZigBee is an emerging at close range, low power, low speed, low-cost wireless network technology, suitable for not amount of data communication, small range but many points, safe and reliable data transger but low rate, and low cost and power consumption. GPRS is a new network designed for high-speed data communication based on GSM network in existing. User data packet to send and receive by GPRS network, with real-time online, billing according to the flow, fast sign, high-speed transmission, switching, etc. It can reduce service costs and improve service quality quickly.
 The terminal is the key hardware of the automatic meter reading system, which is the data processing, receiving and sending embedded system based on MSP430F149 microprocessor. It communicates with the collector through the chip of CC2430, and communicates with the energy meter through the RS-485 bus. MSP430F149 microprocessor is a 16-bit ultra-low power RISC structure of mixed-signal processors produced by Texas Instruments, which has rich components on-chip and ultra-low power consumption.The chip of CC2430 is a 2.4GHz RF System-on-Chip in line with the ZigBee specification produced by Chipcon, which needs only few peripheral parts to receive and send data.
 This paper discusses the design process of the terminal, which is composed by central processor, calendar clocking circuit, memory circuits, RS-485 interface circuit and wireless communication circuit, etc. Through the analysis of the terminal’s function, we select right device for the various parts of the circuit and make the terminal’s schematic and PCB layout. The terminal’s software mainly introduces the protocol and process communicating with energy meter and CC2430. Because MSP430F149 does not have IIC bus, this paper presents a software simulating IIC bus program, for communicating with memory chip and calendar chip.
 This paper also simply introduces the design process of the collector and management software, and give some ways to improve the automatic meter reading system.

 Keywords: Automatic Meter Reading System, ZigBee, Terminal, MSP430F149, CC2430
目  錄
第1章 緒論 1
1.1. 自動抄表的現狀 1
1.2. 本課題的現實意義 1
1.3. 論文的結構安排 2
第2章 ZigBee組網技術 3
2.1. ZigBee簡介 3
2.2. ZigBee協議架構 4
2.2.1. ZigBee協議棧結構 4
2.2.2. ZigBee中的設備 5
2.3. ZigBee組網和路由機制 6
2.3.1. ZigBee網絡拓撲 6
2.3.2. 路由算法 6
第3章 系統總體設計 8
3.1. 項目需求分析 8
3.2. 總體設計方案 8
第4章 采集終端設計 10
4.1. 主控芯片MSP430F149 10
4.1.1. MSP430F149的主要優點 10
4.1.2. MSP430F149的主要功能模塊 10
4.1.3. MSP430F149的工作方式 13
4.1.4. MSP430F149的開發方法 14
4.2. CC2430介紹 15
4.2.1. 芯片的主要特點 15
4.2.2. 硬件電路應用 16
4.2.3. 軟件編程 16
4.3. 采集終端的硬件設計 17
4.3.1. 功能分析 17
4.3.2. 原理圖設計 18
4.3.3. PCB設計 20
4.3.4. 硬件測試 24
4.4. 采集終端的軟件設計 24
4.4.1. 軟件設計思路及流程 24
4.4.2. 軟件開發環境 25
4.4.3. 功能模塊設計 27
4.4.4. 遇到的問題與解決方法 32
4.4.5. 軟件測試 34
4.5. 性能參數 35
4.6. 本章小結 35
第5章 集中器和管理中心設計 37
5.1. 集中器 37
5.1.1. 集中器的通信機制 37
5.1.2. Saro3150EP GPRS DTU 37
5.1.3. 集中器的硬件設計 38
5.2. 管理中心 39
5.2.1. 管理軟件的功能 39
5.2.2. DTU遠程監控 40
5.3. 本章小結 41
第6章 總結與展望 42
6.1. 工作總結 42
6.2. 展望 42
[參考文獻] 43
致  謝 45