孫中山“讓位”袁世凱的原因

論文編號:LS184  論文字數:12965,頁數:15

孫中山“讓位”袁世凱的原因
 
摘要

 民主革命先驅孫中山、黃興等人領導的辛亥革命，一舉推翻了清朝的腐朽統治，埋葬了延續兩千余年的中國君主專制制度，創建了中國第一個民主共和政權，然而孫中山等人之所以不能把來之不易的革命政權牢握在手，原因頗多，但當我們堅持從歷史條件出發解讀歷史本身，則不難發現，最主要的原因是嚴重的財政困難。一方面辛亥革命的共和國政府，為改變清代遺留下來的財政制度進行斗爭，雖然各種財政名稱和官僚結構變化了，但共和國政府比清政府更無力控制中國的收入來源，從而造成臨時政府沒有穩定的財政來源，另一方面臨時政府處于戰爭期間，軍隊人數急劇增加，政府組建及其日常運作開支巨大，再加上各級政府興業、辦校、賑災等處處要錢，各地要錢的電報紛至沓來等因素造成臨時政府支出浩繁。由于國民貧窮，所借內債有限；由于列強的貪欲，所借外債甚少，這引起了臨時政府內部的政治危機，南京臨時政府深陷財政危機之中而又沒能找到有效的舒緩方法，致使以孫中山為代表的臨時政府寸步難行，最終“讓位” 袁世凱。                             
   
關鍵詞：孫中山；南京臨時政府；財政危機；借款

Sun Yat-Sen “yields” Yuan Shikai's Reason

Abstract：Sun Yat-Sen “yields” Yuan Shikai is in a Chinese modern history important matter, when we insisted that embarks the explanation history from the historic condition itself, is not difficult to discover, the reason that Sun Yat-Sen et al. cannot grasp the hard-won revolutionary political power jail in the hand, the most main reason is the serious pecuniary embarrassment. On the one hand Provisional government not stable financial resources, on the other hand includes the military expenses the disbursement to be very actually vast. Because the national is poor, borrows the internal debt to be limited; As a result of big powers greed, borrows the foreign loan to be really few, this has caused the Provisional government internal political crisis, because however Sun Yat-Sen the policy aspect presents the fault for representative's Provisional government, continues to run the political power with difficulty, “yields” finally Yuan Shikai.
Key word：Sun Yat-Sen, the Nanjing Provisional Government, Financial Crisis, Loan

目錄
 
 引言........................................................................1
文獻綜述....................................................................1
研究方法....................................................................2
討論與分析...................................................................2
一、復雜遽變的時代..........................................................2
二、臨時政府在財政上入不敷出................................................3
 1.財政收入嚴重不足.......................................................3
 2.財政支出巨大...........................................................4
三、臨時政府借債不當引發政治危機...........................................5
 1.借內債收效甚微.........................................................5
 （1）民眾對民初政治之冷漠................................................5
 （2）商人在民初政壇的低調................................................7
 2.借外債舉措失當.........................................................10
結論.......................................................................13
參考文獻...................................................................14